go进阶-通道
简介
通道,在多个协程借助通道来传输数据,主要是goroutine+select搭配使用。简单示例:
func main() {
ch := make(chan string)
go func() {
ch <- "channel string"
}()
msg := <-ch
fmt.Println(msg)
}
channel的经典思想:不要通过共享内存通信,通过通信来实现内存共享。
基本特性
箭头指的是数据流向:
ch <- "channel string" //将str放入通道
msg := <-ch // 将通道里的数据拿出到msg
声明的时候也可以指定通道是单向的还是双向的:
chan T // 双通道
chan <- T //只允许发送到通道
<- chan T // 只允许从通道接收
还分为有缓冲和无缓冲:
ch1 := make(chan int) //无缓冲
ch2 := make(chan int,3) //缓冲区为3
无缓冲也就是缓冲区大小为0,如果发送到缓冲区没有接收者会阻塞。
channel原理
channel是一个有锁的环形队列:
源码:点进去没法看,去github看:
type hchan struct {
qcount uint // total data in the queue
dataqsiz uint // size of the circular queue
buf unsafe.Pointer // points to an array of dataqsiz elements
elemsize uint16
closed uint32
elemtype *_type // element type
sendx uint // send index
recvx uint // receive index
recvq waitq // list of recv waiters
sendq waitq // list of send waiters
// lock protects all fields in hchan, as well as several
// fields in sudogs blocked on this channel.
//
// Do not change another G's status while holding this lock
// (in particular, do not ready a G), as this can deadlock
// with stack shrinking.
lock mutex
}
其中,waitq
是等待队列:
type waitq struct {
first *sudog
last *sudog
}
sudog
是go里面存放协程状态为阻塞的协程的双向链表的抽象。
channel的四大操作:创建、发送、接收、关闭。
创建
ch := make(chan string)
编译器编译后对应的是makechan
或者makechan64
方法:
func makechan64(t *chantype, size int64) *hchan {
if int64(int(size)) != size {
panic(plainError("makechan: size out of range"))
}
return makechan(t, int(size))
}
func makechan(t *chantype, size int) *hchan {
elem := t.elem
// compiler checks this but be safe.
if elem.size >= 1<<16 {
throw("makechan: invalid channel element type")
}
if hchanSize%maxAlign != 0 || elem.align > maxAlign {
throw("makechan: bad alignment")
}
mem, overflow := math.MulUintptr(elem.size, uintptr(size))
if overflow || mem > maxAlloc-hchanSize || size < 0 {
panic(plainError("makechan: size out of range"))
}
// Hchan does not contain pointers interesting for GC when elements stored in buf do not contain pointers.
// buf points into the same allocation, elemtype is persistent.
// SudoG's are referenced from their owning thread so they can't be collected.
// TODO(dvyukov,rlh): Rethink when collector can move allocated objects.
var c *hchan
switch {
case mem == 0:
// Queue or element size is zero.
c = (*hchan)(mallocgc(hchanSize, nil, true))
// Race detector uses this location for synchronization.
c.buf = c.raceaddr()
case elem.ptrdata == 0:
// Elements do not contain pointers.
// Allocate hchan and buf in one call.
c = (*hchan)(mallocgc(hchanSize+mem, nil, true))
c.buf = add(unsafe.Pointer(c), hchanSize)
default:
// Elements contain pointers.
c = new(hchan)
c.buf = mallocgc(mem, elem, true)
}
c.elemsize = uint16(elem.size)
c.elemtype = elem
c.dataqsiz = uint(size)
lockInit(&c.lock, lockRankHchan)
if debugChan {
print("makechan: chan=", c, "; elemsize=", elem.size, "; dataqsiz=", size, "\n")
}
return c
}
就是一些校验和分配内存的操作。其中,分配内存用的都是mallocgc
,是在堆上。所以会自动回收,不需要手动close。
发送
代码:链接
func chansend(c *hchan, ep unsafe.Pointer, block bool, callerpc uintptr) bool {
// 如果channel是nil,就是向nil channel发送数据,gopark使当前协程休眠,
// 出现死锁崩溃
if c == nil {
if !block {
return false
}
gopark(nil, nil, waitReasonChanSendNilChan, traceEvGoStop, 2)
throw("unreachable")
}
if debugChan {
print("chansend: chan=", c, "\n")
}
if raceenabled {
racereadpc(c.raceaddr(), callerpc, abi.FuncPCABIInternal(chansend))
}
// 对于不阻塞的 send,快速检测失败场景
//
// 如果 channel 未关闭且 channel 没有多余的缓冲空间。这可能是:
// 1. channel 是非缓冲型的,且等待接收队列里没有 goroutine
// 2. channel 是缓冲型的,但循环数组已经装满了元素
//if !block && c.closed == 0 && ((c.dataqsiz == 0 && c.recvq.first == nil) ||
// (c.dataqsiz > 0 && c.qcount == c.dataqsiz)) {
// return false
//}
if !block && c.closed == 0 && full(c) {
return false
}
var t0 int64
if blockprofilerate > 0 {
t0 = cputicks()
}
// 发送之前,上锁
lock(&c.lock)
// 如果通道已经关闭了,解锁,panic
if c.closed != 0 {
unlock(&c.lock)
panic(plainError("send on closed channel"))
}
// 接收队列有协程在等得话,直接发送
if sg := c.recvq.dequeue(); sg != nil {
// Found a waiting receiver. We pass the value we want to send
// directly to the receiver, bypassing the channel buffer (if any).
send(c, sg, ep, func() { unlock(&c.lock) }, 3)
return true
}
// 如果缓冲区还有空间
if c.qcount < c.dataqsiz {
// Space is available in the channel buffer. Enqueue the element to send.
qp := chanbuf(c, c.sendx)
if raceenabled {
racenotify(c, c.sendx, nil)
}
typedmemmove(c.elemtype, qp, ep)
c.sendx++
if c.sendx == c.dataqsiz {
c.sendx = 0
}
c.qcount++
unlock(&c.lock)
return true
}
// 筛选之后,如果还不允许阻塞,那就只能false了
if !block {
unlock(&c.lock)
return false
}
// 以下是阻塞发送情况
// Block on the channel. Some receiver will complete our operation for us.
// 获取当前goroutine指针
gp := getg()
// 获取sudog结构体,设置待发送的数据的信息和状态
mysg := acquireSudog()
mysg.releasetime = 0
if t0 != 0 {
mysg.releasetime = -1
}
// No stack splits between assigning elem and enqueuing mysg
// on gp.waiting where copystack can find it.
mysg.elem = ep
mysg.waitlink = nil
mysg.g = gp
mysg.isSelect = false
mysg.c = c
gp.waiting = mysg
gp.param = nil
// 加入发送队列
c.sendq.enqueue(mysg)
// Signal to anyone trying to shrink our stack that we're about
// to park on a channel. The window between when this G's status
// changes and when we set gp.activeStackChans is not safe for
// stack shrinking.
atomic.Store8(&gp.parkingOnChan, 1)
// 阻塞
gopark(chanparkcommit, unsafe.Pointer(&c.lock), waitReasonChanSend, traceEvGoBlockSend, 2)
// Ensure the value being sent is kept alive until the
// receiver copies it out. The sudog has a pointer to the
// stack object, but sudogs aren't considered as roots of the
// stack tracer.
// 保证发送的数据是活跃状态,分配在堆上,避免回收
KeepAlive(ep)
// someone woke us up.
// 被唤醒了
if mysg != gp.waiting {
throw("G waiting list is corrupted")
}
gp.waiting = nil
gp.activeStackChans = false
closed := !mysg.success
gp.param = nil
if mysg.releasetime > 0 {
blockevent(mysg.releasetime-t0, 2)
}
mysg.c = nil
releaseSudog(mysg)
if closed {
if c.closed == 0 {
throw("chansend: spurious wakeup")
}
panic(plainError("send on closed channel"))
}
return true
}
接收
msg := <-ch
msg,ok := <-ch
两种方式在编译器翻译后对应的是两个入口方法,内部还是调用的chanrecv方法:
func chanrecv1(c *hchan, elem unsafe.Pointer) {
chanrecv(c, elem, true)
}
//go:nosplit
func chanrecv2(c *hchan, elem unsafe.Pointer) (received bool) {
_, received = chanrecv(c, elem, true)
return
}
// chanrecv receives on channel c and writes the received data to ep.
// ep may be nil, in which case received data is ignored.
// If block == false and no elements are available, returns (false, false).
// Otherwise, if c is closed, zeros *ep and returns (true, false).
// Otherwise, fills in *ep with an element and returns (true, true).
// A non-nil ep must point to the heap or the caller's stack.
func chanrecv(c *hchan, ep unsafe.Pointer, block bool) (selected, received bool) {
// raceenabled: don't need to check ep, as it is always on the stack
// or is new memory allocated by reflect.
// 前置处理,类似发送
if debugChan {
print("chanrecv: chan=", c, "\n")
}
if c == nil {
if !block {
return
}
gopark(nil, nil, waitReasonChanReceiveNilChan, traceEvGoStop, 2)
throw("unreachable")
}
// Fast path: check for failed non-blocking operation without acquiring the lock.
if !block && empty(c) {
// After observing that the channel is not ready for receiving, we observe whether the
// channel is closed.
//
// Reordering of these checks could lead to incorrect behavior when racing with a close.
// For example, if the channel was open and not empty, was closed, and then drained,
// reordered reads could incorrectly indicate "open and empty". To prevent reordering,
// we use atomic loads for both checks, and rely on emptying and closing to happen in
// separate critical sections under the same lock. This assumption fails when closing
// an unbuffered channel with a blocked send, but that is an error condition anyway.
if atomic.Load(&c.closed) == 0 {
// Because a channel cannot be reopened, the later observation of the channel
// being not closed implies that it was also not closed at the moment of the
// first observation. We behave as if we observed the channel at that moment
// and report that the receive cannot proceed.
return
}
// The channel is irreversibly closed. Re-check whether the channel has any pending data
// to receive, which could have arrived between the empty and closed checks above.
// Sequential consistency is also required here, when racing with such a send.
if empty(c) {
// The channel is irreversibly closed and empty.
if raceenabled {
raceacquire(c.raceaddr())
}
if ep != nil {
typedmemclr(c.elemtype, ep)
}
return true, false
}
}
var t0 int64
if blockprofilerate > 0 {
t0 = cputicks()
}
lock(&c.lock)
if c.closed != 0 {
if c.qcount == 0 {
if raceenabled {
raceacquire(c.raceaddr())
}
unlock(&c.lock)
if ep != nil {
typedmemclr(c.elemtype, ep)
}
return true, false
}
// The channel has been closed, but the channel's buffer have data.
} else {
// Just found waiting sender with not closed.
if sg := c.sendq.dequeue(); sg != nil {
// Found a waiting sender. If buffer is size 0, receive value
// directly from sender. Otherwise, receive from head of queue
// and add sender's value to the tail of the queue (both map to
// the same buffer slot because the queue is full).
recv(c, sg, ep, func() { unlock(&c.lock) }, 3)
return true, true
}
}
if c.qcount > 0 {
// Receive directly from queue
qp := chanbuf(c, c.recvx)
if raceenabled {
racenotify(c, c.recvx, nil)
}
if ep != nil {
typedmemmove(c.elemtype, ep, qp)
}
typedmemclr(c.elemtype, qp)
c.recvx++
if c.recvx == c.dataqsiz {
c.recvx = 0
}
c.qcount--
unlock(&c.lock)
return true, true
}
if !block {
unlock(&c.lock)
return false, false
}
// no sender available: block on this channel.
gp := getg()
mysg := acquireSudog()
mysg.releasetime = 0
if t0 != 0 {
mysg.releasetime = -1
}
// No stack splits between assigning elem and enqueuing mysg
// on gp.waiting where copystack can find it.
mysg.elem = ep
mysg.waitlink = nil
gp.waiting = mysg
mysg.g = gp
mysg.isSelect = false
mysg.c = c
gp.param = nil
c.recvq.enqueue(mysg)
// Signal to anyone trying to shrink our stack that we're about
// to park on a channel. The window between when this G's status
// changes and when we set gp.activeStackChans is not safe for
// stack shrinking.
atomic.Store8(&gp.parkingOnChan, 1)
gopark(chanparkcommit, unsafe.Pointer(&c.lock), waitReasonChanReceive, traceEvGoBlockRecv, 2)
// someone woke us up
if mysg != gp.waiting {
throw("G waiting list is corrupted")
}
gp.waiting = nil
gp.activeStackChans = false
if mysg.releasetime > 0 {
blockevent(mysg.releasetime-t0, 2)
}
success := mysg.success
gp.param = nil
mysg.c = nil
releaseSudog(mysg)
return true, success
}
关闭
总结
数据传输围绕:边界处理,上锁,阻塞非阻塞区分,缓冲非缓冲区分,缓存出队列,拷贝数据,解锁,协程调度。这几个来流转处理。